CONTENTS. I. Notion and subject-matter of Psychology. II. Sources: (a) Introspection: S. Augustine, S. Thomas; Compte, S. Mill, Spencer, Maudsley, James, Sully, Hoffding. (b) Objective aids. III. A science: Proper object, means and method: Hoffding, Lewes, Spencer, Bain, James, Ladd. IV. Difficulties: Subject-matter; method; phraseology, inadequate conceptions of man. V. Relation to other sciences: Logic, ethics, pedagogics, politics. VI. Division: (a) Psychology of soul, of mind, of will. (b) Psychology of soul and modern writers, !e. g., Sully, James, Murray, Davis, Koelpe, Hoffding, Ladd and Bowne. VII. Scholastic philosophy: Historical importance; its interest to-day; failure of modern philosophy. PROEMIUM. Question stated; method followed. CHAPTER I. SUBSTANTIALITY OF SOUL. I. Theories: (a) Transcendental view, e. g., Kant and Wundt. (b) Phenomenal view, e. g., Hume, Mill, Davis, Hoffding, Sully, Murray, James. (c) Agnostic view, e. g., Locke, Thomson, Spencer, Laing, Hamilton, Bowen. (d) Materialistic view, e. g.; Tyndall, Huxley. (e) Scholastic theory, e. g., Aristotle, S. Thomas, S. Augustine. II. Proof: (a) From analysis of notion of ^ substance: Its elements are: Being, potency, stability, subject of modifications. (b) Application to the soul. (c) Concept more clearly defined. III. Errors: (a) Transcendental ego, i. e., the / is not a real, but only a logical subject. (b) Phenomenal ego; the contention of the school of Associationists; examination of S. Mill. (c) Buddhist theory. CHAPTER II. MATERIALISM. I. History: (a) Ancient and modern materialism. (b) Origin and leaders of modern materialism, e. g., Moleschott, Vogt, Buchner. (c) Scientific materialism, e. g., Tyndall, Huxley. II. Doctrine: (a) Inorganic world, organic world, man. (b) Spencer's attempt. (c) Two diverging tendencies: (i) Logical position; (2) double-aspect theory, e. g., Clifford, Bain, Spencer. III. Arguments drawn: (a) From fact that soul is only known in matter. (b) From mental processes. (c) From dependence of mind on body. (d) From evolution. IV. Criticism: (a) One-sided and partial. (b) Based on confusion of concepts. (c) Method not scientific. V. Influence: (a) Reason of its influence. (b) Opponents in France, England, America. CHAPTER III. SIMPLICITY OF SOUL. I. Soul a unity. II. The soul a simple unity: (a) Not a collective unity, e. g., Hume, Mill, Spencer, Bain, Davis, Koelpe. (b) Not a potential unity, e. g., Prof. Ladd, Hegel. (c) Soul not a result, i. e., Positivist position, e. g., Taine, Ribot. (d) Proof of simple unity: (1) From consciousness. (2) Ab absurdo. (3) Criticism of Kant. III. An immaterial simple unity: (a) Mind and matter differently known. (b) Mind and matter known as different things. (c) From deaf-blind mutes. CHAPTER IV. POSITIVISM. I. History: (a) A philosophy, a sociology, and a religion. (b) Origin, author, and different schools. II. Doctrine: (a) Fundamental tenets: Positive method, denial of what is above sense, idea of humanity. (b) Law of historic filiation. (c) Classification of sciences. (d) Man and the science of man. (e) Relation to Agnosticism explained: (1) By interdependence. (2) By their common source in Hume. III. Influence: (a) In general. (b) In England, France, Germany, America. (c) Adverse criticism. IV. Criticism: (a) Fundamental law is false. (b) Not a philosophy. (c) Doctrine of man is false. (d) Proofs are assumptions. (e) Positivism a misnomer. CHAPTER V. SPIRITUALITY OF SOUL. I. Explanation of terms: (a) Spirit, pure spirit, spirit and soul. (b) Question stated. II. Argument: (a) From acts of intelligence: (1) Superorganic notions and abstract sciences. (2) Manner of conceiving material objects. (3) Self-consciousness. (b) From acts of will: (1) Tendency to abstract classification. (2) To superorganic objects. (3) From conscience. (4) From free-will. (c) From human speech. CHAPTER VI. SPIRITUALITY OF SOUL AND MODERN SCIENCE. I. Correlation of thought to structure of the brain: (1) From quantity of brain-matter: (a) Weight: absolute, relative, of races and of individuals. (b) Measurement. (2) From quality of brain-matter: (a) Chemical qualities. (b) Physical qualities, e. g., convolutions and gray-matter. II. Localization of function: (1) Theory of Gall. (2) Cerebral physiology: (a) Sensation. (b) Nervous movement. (c) Reason. III. Psycho-physics: (1) Origin and basis. (2) Criticism: (a) Intensity. (b) Duration. (c) Extension. CHAPTER VII. PANTHEISM. I. Sources of modern Pantheism: (1) Spinoza. (2) German Pantheism of Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schoffenhauer, Hartman. (3) The Vedanta. II. Influence: (1) In England, e. g., Coleridge, Carlyle, Arnold, Wordsworth. (2) In America, e. g., New England Transcendentalism: Emerson, Dr. Royce. III. Neo-Hegelian School: (1) Its beginnings. (2) Its leaders in England and America. (3) Professor Green's teaching. IV. Criticism. CHAPTER VIII. SOUL AND BODY I. Question stated. II. Theories: (1) Exaggerated Spiritualism, e. g., Des Cartes, Malebranche, Leibnitz. (2) Accidental union, e. g., Plato, Locke, Lotze, Ladd, Rosmini. (3) Monistic theory, e. g., Prof. Clifford, Bain, H. Spencer. (4) Scholastic theory, i. e., matter and form. (a) A duality in every substance as shown by science and by ordinary observation. (b) Hence the inference to a duality in its composition. (c) "First matter" and "substantial form." (d) Hierarchy of forms. (e) Duality in man: hence body and soul: and place of soul in human body. CHAPTER IX. BRAIN AND THOUGHT I. "Thought produced by the brain:" (1) Battle-ground between Christian and non-Christian philosophy. (2) Meaning of word "thought." (3) Meaning of word "produced." II. Brain and sensation: (1) Simple subject necessary. i (2) Sensation is quantitative. (3) Hence animated organism is subject of sensation. III. Brain and thought: (1) Mind essentially different from sensation. (2) Cerebral activity a condition for thought. (3) Hence body- not organ of thought. IV. Thought not cerebral motion: (1) Opinions of Spencer, Tyndall, Clifford, Bain, James. (2) Criticism. (3) Testimony of Du Bois, Reymond, Ferrier, Tyndall, Ladd. CHAPTER X. ORIGIN OF SOUL. I. Theory of emanation, i. e., Pantheism. II. Theory of traducianism, i. e., Tertullian. III. Theory of manifestation, i. e., Prof. Ladd. IV. Theory of evolution, i. e, Mr. Spencer. V. Theory of creation, i. e., Christian philosophy. CHAPTER XI. IMMORTALITY. I. Theories: (1) Materialistic, e. g., vulgar and scientific materialism. (2) Pantheistic. (3) Sceptical, e. g., S. Mill, Emerson, Arnold, G. Eliot II. Substitutes: (1) Indestructibility of material elements of the body. (2) Conservation of energy. (3) Doctrine of Karma. (4) Immortality of Glory. III. The fact: (1) Belief in future life is universal. (2) Exceptions: Early Jews. Buddhists. IV. Reasons for the belief: (1) Psychological, e. g., S. Thomas, criticism of Prof. Ladd. (2) Moral. (3) Philosophical: (a) From intellect. (b) From will. (c) From fundamental desires. (4) Analogical — no such word as annihilation. CHAPTER XII. PERSONALITY. I. Definition of personality the task of Christian philosophy. II. Theories: (1) Memory, i. e., Locke and Mill. (2) Consciousness, i. e., Kant. (3) The Bampton Lecturer of 1891. (4) Of evolution, e. g., Ribot. III. Christian philosophy: (1) Definition of S. Thomas. (2) Person embraces: (a) Rational nature. (b) Individual substance. (3) Illustrated: (a) In Incarnation. (b) In civil law. (c) In human speech. Digitized by Google., Mode of access: Internet