In this post, we will see the book The Structure of Matter by M. Karapetyants and S. Drakin.About the bookTreated in this book arc present-day ideas on the structure of atoms, molecules and crystals, as well as the nature of che­mical bonds. It is supposed that the reader is acquainted with chemistry within the scope of the secondary-school course and that he has some notion of differential and integral calculus.The study of this book can precede the learning of a higher- school course in chemistry; it will be conducive in widening the student’s knowledge of inorganic chemistry as well as in study­ ing more deeply organic and analytical chemistry.The book is designed for students in chemical engineering, polytechnical and other institutes of learning in which inorganic and organic chemistry are studied. It can be found useful for engineers, technicians and scientific workers whose industrial or research work is associated with chemical technology, metal­lurgy, biochemistry, or geochemistry.The book was translated from the Russian by Y. Nadler and G. Kittell and was first published by Mir in 1974 and the second print in 1978.ContentsPREFACE 13PART I ATOMIC STRUCTURE 15CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 151.1. Atoms 151.2. The Avogadro Number 161.3. Mass and Size of Atoms 191.4. The Constituents of an Atom: Electrons and the Nucleus 21CHAPTER TWO ATOMIC SPECTRA 232.1. Principle of Operation of Spectrographs; Kinds of Spectra 232.2. The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 242.3. The Spectra of Other Elements 252.4. The Concept of Light Quantum 262.5. History of the Development of the Concepts of Atomic Structure 29CHAPTER THREE THE WAVE PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL PARTICLES 323.1. Dual Nature of Light 323.2. The Law of Interdependence of Mass and Energy 343.3. Compton Effect 353.4. De Broglie Waves 373.5. Quantum Mechanics; the Schrodinger Equation 39CHAPTER FOUR QUANTUM-MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF ATOMIC STRUCTURE 434.1. Solution of the Schrodinger Equation for the One-Dimensional Square-Well Model 434.2. Three-Dimensional Square-Well Model 474.3. Quantum-Mechanical Explanation of Structure of Hydrogen Atom 504.4. Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms 544.5. Many-Electron Atoms 584.6. Origination of Spectra 614.7. Energy Characteristics of Atoms: Ionization Energy and Electron Affinity 64PART II MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW AND THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS OF ELEMENTS 68CHAPTER FIVE INTRODUCTION 685.1. The Modern Formulation of the Periodic Law 685.2. The Structure of the Periodic System 735.3. Predicting the Properties of Substances with the Aid of the Periodic Law 78CHAPTER SIX THE PERIODIC SYSTEM OF THE ELEMENTS AND THEIR ATOMIC STRUCTURE 806.1. Filling of Electron Shells and Subshells 806.2. Variation of Ionization Energies 896.3. Secondary Periodicity 91CHAPTER SEVEN ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF FORMS AND PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS 937.1. Oxidation State 937.2. Atomic and Ionic Radii 957.3. Coordination Number 1017.4. Compounds Containing R-H and R-O- Bonds 1027.5. Acids7.6. Dependence of the Strength of Acids and Bases on the Charge and Radius of the Ion of the Element Forming Them 104CHAPTER EIGHT ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR COMPOUNDS 1068.1. First Group 1068.2. Second Group 1078.3. Third Group 1088.4. Fourth Group 1108.5. Fifth Group 1118.6. Sixth Group 1128.7. Seventh Group 1128.8. Eighth Group 1148.9. Zero Group 1158.10. Some Conclusions 116CHAPTER NINE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PERIODIC LAW 117PART III THE STRUCTURE OF MOLECULES AND THE CHEMICAL BOND 119CHAPTER TEN INTRODUCTION 11910.1. Molecules10.2. Development of Conceptions of the Chemical Bond and Valence 12010.3. A. Butlerov’s Theory of Chemical Structure 12210.4. Structural Isomerism 12410.5. Spatial Isomerism 126CHAPTER ELEVEN BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHEMICAL BOND-LENGTH11.1. Length of Bonds 13211.2. Valence Angles 13311.3. Strength of the Bond 137CHAPTER TWELVE PHYSICAL METHODS OF DETERMINING MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 14112.1. Electron-Diffraction Examination 14212.2. Molecular Spectra 149CHAPTER THIRTEEN BASIC TYPES OF THE CHEMICAL BOND-IONICAND COVALENT BOND 15313.1. Electronegativity of the Elements 15313.2. Ionic and Covalent Bond 15513.3. The Dipole Moment and Molecular Structure 15713.4. Effective Charges 162CHAPTER FOURTEEN QUANTUM-MECHANICAL EXPLANATION OF THE COVALENT BOND 16314.1. Solution of the Schrodinger Equation Using Approximate Functions 16414.2. Potential Energy Curves for Molecules 17014.3. Results of Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of the Hydrogen Molecule by Heitler and London 17214.4. Valence of the Elements on the Basis of the Heitler and London Theory 17814.5. Explanation of the Orientation of Valence 18314.6. Single14.7. The Donor-Acceptor Bond 20014.8. The Bond in Electron-Deficient Molecules 20514.9. Molecular Orbital Method 20714.10. Molecular Orbitals in Diatomic Molecules 21014.11. Hiickel Method 215CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE IONIC BOND 22515.1. Energy of the Ionic Bond 22515.2. Ionic Polarization 22915.3. Effect of Polarization on Properties of Substances 23315.4. The Polar Bond and Electronegativity 235CHAPTER SIXTEEN THE CHEMICAL BOND IN COMPLEX COMPOUNDS 23716.1. Complex Compounds 23716.2 Isomerism of Complex Compounds 23916.3. Explanation of the Chemical Bond in Complexes on the Basis of Electrostatic Conceptions 24116.4. Quantum-Mechanical Interpretation of the Chemical Bond in Complex Compounds 24216.5. Valence Bond Method 24316.6. Crystal Field Theory 24616.7. Molecular Orbitals in Complex Compounds 251CHAPTER SEVENTEEN THE HYDROGEN BOND 258PART IV THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER IN THE CONDENSED STATE 264CHAPTER EIGHTEEN INTRODUCTION 26418.1. Aggregate States 26418.2. Molecular Interaction 267CHAPTER NINETEEN THE CRYSTALLINE STATE 27119.1. Characteristics of the Crystalline State 27119.2. Study of Crystal Structure 27719.3. Types of Crystal Lattices 28119.4. Some Crystal Structures 28319.5. Energetics of Ionic Crystals 291CHAPTER TWENTY LIQUID AND AMORPHOUS STATES 29720.1. Structure of Liquids 29720.2. The Structure of Water 30020.3. Solutions of Electrolytes 30120.4. The Amorphous State 307APPENDICES 310I. Determination of the ratio e/m for an electron. 310II. Characteristics of wave motion. Interference and diffraction of waves. 311III. Construction of the Schrodinger equation. 315IV. Polarization of light. 315V. Derivation of relationship describing electron diffraction by molecules. 317VI. Moment of inertia. 321VII. Expressions for wave functions of hybrid orbitals. 323VIII. Electron spin and magnetic properties of matter. 324IX. Calculation of the absorption spectra of polymethylene dyes. 325X. Solution of homogeneous sets of linear equations. 327VALUES OF UNITS OF MEASURE AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS USED IN THE BOOK IN THESI SYSTEM OF UNITS 329NAME INDEX 330SUBJECT INDEX 332