Contrast Media: Overview, Use and Pharmaceutical AspectsAuthor: Professor Dr. Ulrich Speck Published by Springer Berlin Heidelberg ISBN: 978-3-540-65712-5 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-85995-3Table of Contents:Introduction General Principles of X-ray Contrast Media Structure and Properties of X-ray Contrast Media Physicochemical Properties of Water-Soluble Contrast Media Possible Uses of X-ray Contrast Media Pharmaceutical Product Quality Interactions Risks of Contrast Media Use Drugs and Measures for the Treatment of a Contrast Medium Reaction Special Characteristics of the Contrast Media for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Special Characteristics of the Contrast Media for Ultrasound Further Development of Contrast Media, Contrast media in diagnostic imaging -- General principles of X-ray contrast media -- Structure and properties of X-ray contrast media -- Barium sulfate -- Water-soluble contrast media -- Physicochemical properties of water-soluble contrast media -- Water solubility -- Viscosity/Temperature -- Osmolality -- Hydrophilia/Lipophilia -- Electrical charge -- Others -- Possible uses of X-ray contrast media -- Principles of opacification -- Pharmaceutical product quality -- Practical information at a glance -- Purity of the active ingredient, by- and degradation products -- Formulations -- Additives -- Microbiological quality of the finished product -- Preservation of product quality in hospitals and practices -- Interactions -- Influence on laboratory tests -- Interactions with medicines -- Interaction of contrast media with additives and during interventional procedures -- Effects on blood coagulation -- Risks of contrast media use -- Ionic contrast media -- Nonionic contrast media -- Delayed reactions -- Causes of contrast media reactions -- General reactions (anaphylactoid reactions) -- Prophylaxis of general reactions -- Dose-dependent side effects -- Prophylaxis and therapy of severe iodine-induced hyperthyroidism -- Renal damage -- Pregnant patients -- Breast-feeding mothers -- Pheochromocytoma -- Sickle-cell anemia -- Drugs and measures for the treatment of a contrast medium reaction -- Special characteristics of the contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging -- Mechanisms of action -- Structure and pharmacological characteristics -- Pharmaceutical product quality -- Administration -- Contrast media for the gastrointestinal tract -- Contrast media for other body cavities -- Special handling characteristics -- Influence on laboratory tests -- Interaction with medications -- Risks related to Magnevist use -- Comparison with X-ray contrast media -- Special characteristics of the contrast media for ultrasound -- Contrast media and their mechanisms of action -- Composition and preparation before use -- Application -- Pharmaceutical product quality -- Influence on laboratory tests -- Interaction with medications -- Risks related to the use of echo contrast media -- Further development of contrast media -- References -- Commercial brands and their iodine content (g), Contrast media in diagnostic imaging 8 Visualization of functions 8 - Morphology 9 - General principles of X-ray contrast media 10 13 Structure and properties of X-ray contrast media Barium sulfate 13 Water-soluble contrast media 14 Chemical structure, biological behavior and use 14 - Conventional, highly hypertonic contrast media 15 - Low-osmolar contrast media, especially non ionic substances 15 - Nonionic contrast media 16 Osmolality and side effects caused by hypertonicity 18 Ionic contrast media 20 21 Contrast media for intravenous cholegraphy - Contrast media for oral cholegraphy 22 - Cations 23 - Synthesis of water-soluble contrast media 25 - Physicochemical properties of water-soluble contrast media 26 26 Water solubility ViscositylTemperature 26 27 Osmolality Hydrophilia/Lipophilia 28 Electrical charge 29 29 Others Possible uses of X-ray contrast media 31 Principles of opacification 31 Pharmaceutical product quality 37 37 Practical information at a glance Purity of the active ingredient, by-and degradation products 38 Formulations 40 5 Additives 40 Microbiological quality of the finished product 42 - Production under controlled environmental conditions 42 - Production process 44 - Sterile filtration, ultrafiltration and sterilization 46 - Sterility test 47 - Test for pyrogens 47 Preservation of product quality in hospitals and practices 48 - Stability in long-term storage and at different temperatures 49 - Sensitivity to irradiation and light; white glass, brown glass, UV-protective foil 50 - Tests for contamination with particles 52 - Risks of microbial contamination 54 - Transferring the contrast medium to sterile containers, disposable syringes, automatic injectors 55