In this post, we will see the book Fundamentals of Physics by B. N. Ivanov.About the book:The book being of­fered by the author differs from other existing books on the subject in its nontraditional approach to the course of phys­ics. The principle underlying the preparation of this course can be summarized as follows:  "From atom to matter".What prompted the author to adopt this approach? In­deed, the creation of new materials with unusual mechani­cal, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties requires a microscopic approach to the problem and a clear understanding of the practical significance of the approach "from atom to matter". This means that the scientists and industrial workers engaged in fields like physical materials science, nuclear and semiconductor engineering, laser ...This book is intended for those who wish to acquire a deeper knowledge of physical phenomena. It can be used by students of physics and mathematical schools, as well as by those who have finished school and are engaged in self- education. A good deal of the material may be useful to teachers delivering lectures on various topics of physics....This is not a textbook, but rather a helpbook that should be used in conjunction with the standard textbooks. Nor is the book intended for a light reading; you have to use a pen and paper, think, analyze, and even compute whenever it is necessary. We shall describe physics here in the way re­ searchers understand it today.Physics essentially deals with the fundamental laws of nature. The progress being made at present in all branches of natural science is due, as a rule, to the introduction of physical concepts and techniques in them. This is besides the fact that a knowledge of physical sciences is essential for new industrial ventures lying at the root of technical progress. Physics is fast becoming an important element in the modern civilization.The book was published by Mir in 1989 and was translated from the Russian by R. S. Wadhwa. PDF | OCR | Bookmarked | 14 MB | 459 pp. | Cover | 300 dpi (upscaled to 600 dpi)ContentsPreface 5 To the Reader 7Chapter 1. Unity of Nature 161.1. Hierarchy of Natural Objects 16 1.1.1. Elementary Particles 16 1.1.2. Nuclei 201.1.3. Atoms and Molecules 21 1.1.4. Macroscopic Bodies 22 1.1.5. Planets 23 1.1.6. Stars. Galaxies. Universe 251.2. Four Types of Fundamental Interactions 26 1.2.1. Bound Systems of Objects. Interactions 26 1.2.2. Gravitational Interactions 26 1.2.3. Electromagnetic Interactions 27 1.2.4. Strong (Nuclear) Interactions 27 1.2.5. Weak Interactions 27 1.2.6. Comparative Estimates for the Inten­sity of All Types of Interactions 29 1.2.7. Fields and Matter 29 1.3. Space and Time 30 1.3.1. Scales of Space and Time in Nature 30 1.3.2. Homogeneity of Space and Time 31 1.3.3. Free Bodies and Inertial Motion 311.3.4. Inertial Reference Frames. The Relativ­ity Principle 32Chapter 2. Mechanics of a Material Particle 342.1. Coordinates, Velocity, Acceleration 34 2.2. Galilean Transformations 352.2.1. Absolute Nature of Dimensions and Time Intervals 362.2.2. Relative Nature of Velocities and the Law of Their Transformation 37 2.2.3. Absolute Nature of Accelerations 37 2.3. Law of Motion in Mechanics 372.4. Motion of a Material Particle in a Gravitation­al Field 392.5. Momentum. Law of Momentum Conservation 422.6. Law of Energy Conservation. Applications and Universal Nature of ConservationLaws 432.6.1. Law of Energy Conservation 432.6.2. Applications of Conservation Laws 462.6.3. Universal Nature of Conservation Laws. Angular Momentum 522.7. Ultimate Velocity. Mechanics of High-Energy Particles 542.7.1. Experiments on Accelerators and Ulti­mate Velocity 542.7.2. Lorentz Transformations 552.7.3. Relativistic Energy and Momentum 582.7.4. Role of Relativistic Constant c in Phys­ics 61Chapter 3 Electromagnetic Field 633.1. Electric Charge 633.2. Method of Field Investigation 643.2.1. Equation of Motion of a Charge in a Field 643.2.2. Laws of Field Transformation 643.3. Laws of Electromagnetic Field 663.3.1. New Objects and New Mathematics 663.3.2. First Field Equation. Relation Between Electric Field and Electric Charge 673.3.3. Second Field Equation. Absence of Magnetic Charges 683.3.4. Third Field Equation. Relation Be­ tween Current and “Something” with a Vortex Magnetic Field 683.3.5. Fourth Field Equation. Relation Be­tween a Varying Magnetic Field and a Vortex Electric Field 713.3.6. Additional Analysis of the Third Field Equation. Relation Between a Varying Electric Field and a Vortex Magnetic Field 723.3.7. Maxwell's Field Equations 733.4. Constant Electric Field 743.4.1. Field of a Stationary Point Charge 743.4.2. Field of Charges Distributed over a Sphere, Line or Plane Surface 743.4.3. Electrostatic Energy of Charges. Field Potential 773.4.4. Field of a Dipole. Charge-Dipole and Dipole-Dipole Interactions 803.5. Constant Magnetic Field 823.5.1. Magnetic Field of a Direct Current 823.5.2. Magnetic Field of a Current Surface 823.5.3. Magnetic Moment and Its Relation with Mechanical (Angular) Momentum 833.6. Motion of Charges in a Field 85 3.6.1. Motion of a Charge in a Constant Uni­form Electric Field 85 3.6.2. Motion of a Charge in a Constant Uni­form Magnetic Field 86 3.6.3. Motion of a Charge in a Coulomb Field 863.7. Fields of Moving Charges. Emission 91 3.7.1. Field of a Uniformly Moving Charge 91 3.7.2. Emission by a Charge Moving with an Acceleration 95 3.7.3. Emission by a Charge Moving Uniformly in a Circle 983.8. Electromagnetic Waves 100 3.8.1. Some Properties of Radiation Fields 100 3.8.2. Travelling Waves 100 3.8.3. Emission of Electromagnetic Waves by Oscillating Charges. Energy and Mo­mentum of Waves 102 3.8.4. Free Oscillations of a Field. Standing Waves 1043.9. Propagation of Light 106 3.9.1. Interference of Electromagnetic Waves 106 3.9.2. Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves 107 3.9.3. Geometrical Optics 109Chapter 4. Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechan­ics4.1. Planetary Model of Atom 110 4.2. Experiments on Diffraction of Particles 110 4.3. The Uncertainty Relation 1154.4. Probability Waves 117 4.4.1. Complex Numbers. Euler's Formula 1184.4.2. Complex Probability Waves. The Superposition Principle 1194.4.3. Limiting Transition to Classical Me­chanics 1214.5. Electron in an Atom 1234.5.1. Energy and Its Quantization 1234.5.2. Angular Momentum and Its Quanti­zation 1284.5.3. Probability Amplitudes and Quan­tum Numbers 1304.6. Many-Electron Atom 132 4.6.1. Spin of an Electron 1324.6.2. Systems of Identical Particles. Quan­tum Statistics 134 4.6.3. Atomic Quantum States 1374.7. Quantization of Atomic Radiation 139 4.7.1. Quantum Transitions. Line Spectra 1394.7.2. Photon. The Concept of Parity. Selec­tion Rules 1404.8. Photon-Electron Interaction. The Photoelec­tric Effect. The Compton Effect 1464.9. Simultaneous Measurement of Quantities and the Concept of the Complete Set of Meas­urable Quantities 150 4.10. Molecules 151 Chapter 5. Macroscopic Bodies as Aggregates of Particles. Thermal Phenomena 1555.1. The Basic Problem of Statistical Physics 155 5.2. Macroscopic Quantities. Fluctuations 1575.3. Statistical Analysis of the Gas Model 1595.3.1. Computer Experiments 159 5.3.2. Reversibility of Microscopic Processesin Time and Irreversibility of Macro­scopic Processes 1605.4. Entropy 161 5.5. Temperature 162 5.6. Equilibrium Distribution of Particles in a Body 167 5.7. Thermodynamic Relations 1725.8. Ideal Gas 1765.8.1. Matter and Its States 176 5.8.2. Classical and Quantum Ideal Gases 176 5.8.3. Equation of State for an Ideal Gas 178 5.8.4. Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas 181 5.8.5. Reversible Thermal Processes 1845.9. Statistics and Thermodynamics of Radiation 1885.10. Crystals 194 5.10.1. Crystal Lattice 194 5.10.2. Types of Lattice Bonds 195 5.10.3. Mechanical Properties of Crystals 196 5.10.4. Electron Energy Spectra of Crystals 204 5.10.5. Lattice Heat Capacity 206 5.10.6. Electron Gas in Metals 2135.11. Phase Transitions 218Chapter 6. Macroscopic Motion of Media. non­ Equilibrium Processes 2256.1. Nonequilibrium States of Bodies 225 6.2. Macroscopic Motion 2266.3. Equations of Hydrodynamics of an Ideal Liquid 228 6.3.1. Matter Conservation Law in Hydrody­namics 228 6.3.2. Equation of Motion in Hydrodynamics 2316.4. Hydrodynamic Analysis of Problems on Viscous Flow, Heat Conduction, and Diffusion 233 6.4.1. Viscosity 233 6.4.2. Flow of a Viscous Liquid Through a Tube 235 6.4.3. Heat Conduction 2376.4.4. Heat Transfer Between Two Walls 238 6.4.5. Diffusion. Dissolution of a Solid in a Liquid 2406.5. Kinetic Coefficients in Gases and Their Connec­tion with the Molecular Parameters 242 6.5.1. The Concept of Mean Free Path of Molecules 243 6.5.2. Molecular Treatment of the Diffusion Process 246 6.5.3. Diffusion as a Random Motion of Par­ticles 248 6.5.4. Relations Between Kinetic Coefficients 2516.6. Resistance to the Motion of Solids in a Liquid 2526.6.1. Similitude Method. The Reynolds Num­ber 252 6.6.2. Drag at Low Velocities 254 6.6.3. Drag at High (Subsonic) Velocities 2576.7. Instabilities in Hydrodynamics 2596 7.1. Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flows 259 6.7.2. Boundary Layer 2606.7.3. Turbulent Viscosity and Thermal Diffusivity 2626.7.4. Transition from Molecular to Convective Heat Transfer. Solar Granulation 2636.8. Oscillations and Waves in a Liquid 266 6.8.1. Various Forms of Wave Motion 266 6.8.2. Wave Characteristics 267 6.8.3. Linear and Nonlinear Waves 269 6.8.4. Solitons and Other Nonlinear Effects 269 6.8.5. Highly Perturbed Media 2706.8.6. Oscillations of a Charged Drop and the Fission of Heavy Nuclei 2716.9. Macroscopic Motion of Compressible Media 2746.9.1. Generalized Form of the Bernoulli Equa­tion 2746.9.2. Compressibility Criterion for a Medium and the Velocity of Sound 2756.9.3. Flow in a Tube with a Varying Cross Section 276 6.9.4. Laval Nozzle 2776.10. Shock Waves 2786.10.1. Propagation of Perturbations in a Com­pressible Gas Flow 278 6.10.2. General Relations for a Shock Wave 281 6.10.3. Shock Waves in an Ideal Gas 2856.10.4. The Problem on a High-Intensity Explo­sion in the Atmosphere 2896.11. Hydrodynamic Cumulative Effects 290 6.11.1. Cumulative Jets 291 6.11.2. Bubble Collapse in a Liquid 2966.11.3. Converging Spherical and Cylindrical Shock Waves 2976.11.4. The Role of Instabilities in Suppress­ing Cumulation 2976.11.5. Emergence of a Shock Wave on the Surface of a Star 2986.12. Cavitation in a Liquid 299 6.13. Highly Rarefied Gases 301 6.14. Macroscopic Quantum Effects in a Liquid 304 6.15. Generalizations of Hydrodynamics 307 Chapter 7. Electromagnetic Fields in Media. Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Substances 309 7.1. Superconductivity 309 7.2. Electrical Conductivity of Metals 310 7.3. Direct Current 3157.4. Dielectric Conductance 319 7.4.1. Electrons and Holes. Exciton States 319 7.4.2. Semiconductors 3207.5. Electric Fields in Matter 322 7.5.1. Field Fluctuations in a Substance 3227.5.2. Electrostatic Fields in Metals 3247.5.3. Electrostatic Fields in Insulators. Polar­ization of a Substance 325 7.6. A Substance in a Magnetic Field 3307.6.1. Diamagnetic Effect 3307.6.2. Paramagnets. Orientation Magnetization 333 7.6.3. Spontaneous Magnetization. Ferromag­netism 335 7.6.4. Magnetic Properties of Superconductors. Quantization of Large-Scale MagneticFlux 3387.7. Alternating Currents and Electromagnetic Waves in a Medium. Optical Properties of Media 342 7.7.1. A.C. Fields and a Substance 342 7.7.2. Induced EMF 343 7.7.3. A.C. Circuits. Solutions of Differential Equations 344 7.7.4. Generation of Electromagnetic Waves 353 7.7.5. Some Laws of Optics and the Velocity of Propagation of Electromagnetic Wavesin a Medium. Reflection and Refrac­tion of Waves 3557.7.6. Refractive Index of Insulators. Disper­sion and Absorption of Light 3617.7.7. Refractive Index of Metals. Skin Effect. Transparency of Metals to Hard Radia­tion 3647.7.8. Nonlinear Optics Effects 365 7.7.9. Lasers 369CHAPTER 8. PLASMA 3738.1. General Remarks 3738.2. Quantum Effects in Plasma. Tunneling of Nuclei Through a Potential Barrier 374 8.3. Relativistic Effects in Plasma. Mass Defect in Nuclear Fusion and Energy Liberated in the Process 379 8.4. Plasma Statistics. Equation of State for Plas­ma. Thermal Radiation of Plasma 380 8.5. Plasma Kinetics. Mobility of Ions and Its Relation with Diffusion. Electrical Conductivity of Plasma 384 8.6. Magnetohydrodynamics and Plasma Instabili­ties. Tokamaks 385 8.7. Oscillations and Waves in Plasma. Propagation of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere 388CHAPTER 9. STELLAR AND PRESTELLAR STATES OF MATTER 3929.1. State of Matter at Ultrahigh Temperatures and Densities 3929.2. Stars as Gaseous Spheres 3949.2.1. Calculation of Pressure and Temperature at the Centre of a Star 3949.2.2. Temperature of the Surface and the Total Emissive Power of aStar 396 9.2.3. Energy Transfer in Stars 3969.3. Sources of Stellar Energy 3979.3.1. Analysis of Possible Sources of Stellar Energy 3979.3.2. Nuclear Reactions of the Proton-Proton Cycle 3999.4. White Dwarfs 4019.4.1. Possible Evolution of Stars of the Type of the Sun 401 9.4.2. Density and Size of White Dwarfs 401 9.4.3. Limiting Mass of WhiteDwarfs 4039.5. Superdense Neutron Stars 404 9.5.1. Size of Neutron Stars 4049.5.2. Rotation and Magnetic Fields of Neutron Stars 405 9.5.3. Radio Emission by Pulsars 406 9.5.4. Internal Structure of Neutron Stars 4069.5.5. Gravitational Effects in the Vicinity of a Neutron Star 4099.6. Gravitation and Relativity 4119.6.1. Equivalence Principle 4119.6.2. Geometry and Time in Non-inertial Ref­erence Frames 412 9.6.3. Einstein's Equations 4139.7.Expansion of the Universe 413 9.7.1. Friedman's Cosmological Solutions 413 9.7.2. Discovery of "Expansion" of the Uni­verse 415 9.7.3. Critical Density 4169.8. Hot Universe 4189.8.1. Discovery of Background Thermal Ra­diation 4189.8.2. Charge-Asymmetric Model of Early Universe 419 9.8.3. Change in Density and Temperature of Prestellar Matter in the Process of Cosmological Expansion 421 9.8.4. State of Aggregation at Early Stages of Evolution of Hot Universe 4229.9. Fusion of Elements in Stars 425Concluding Remarks 432 Appendices 433 Subject Index 447